Rubber composition including a 1,2,4-triazine derivative

ABSTRACT

A rubber composition for manufacturing tyres is based on one or more diene elastomers, one or more reinforcing fillers, and a vulcanization system. The vulcanization system includes one or more 1,2,4-triazine compounds chosen from compounds of formula I and compounds of formula II: 
                         
Certain specific 1,2,4-triazine derivatives are described.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a rubber composition which can be used in particular in the manufacture of tyres or semi-finished products for tyres, such as treads, the said composition being based on a diene elastomer, on a reinforcing filler and on a vulcanization system comprising a specific 1,2,4-triazine compound.

RELATED ART

The vulcanization of diene elastomers by sulphur is widely used in the rubber industry, in particular the tyre industry. Use is made, to vulcanise diene elastomers, of a relatively complex vulcanization system comprising, in addition to the sulphur, a primary vulcanization accelerator, such as sulphenamides having a benzothiazole ring system, and also various secondary vulcanization accelerators or vulcanization activators, very particularly zinc derivatives, such as zinc oxide (ZnO), alone or used with fatty acids.

The sulphenamides having a benzothiazole ring system used as primary vulcanization accelerators are, for example, N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulphenamide (abbreviated to “CBS”), N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulphenamide (abbreviated to “DCBS”), N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazolesulphenamide (abbreviated to “TBBS”) and the mixtures of these compounds.

2-(1,3-Benzothiazol-2-yldithio)-1,3-benzothiazole (abbreviated to “MBTS”) is also known as primary vulcanization accelerator.

The rubber compositions must exhibit a sufficient crosslinking while retaining an acceptable compromise between the different rheometric properties.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

In response to this problem, the Applicant Company has discovered a novel rubber composition comprising a 1,2,4-triazine compound as vulcanization accelerator. This novel rubber composition makes it possible to obtain a composition vulcanized using alternative accelerators to the known accelerators, ideally with a similar compromise in rheometric properties to that obtained with rubber compositions comprising vulcanization accelerators conventionally used.

A subject-matter of the invention is thus a rubber composition for the manufacture of tyres, based on one or more diene elastomers, on one or more reinforcing fillers and on a vulcanization system, the said vulcanization system comprising one or more 1,2,4-triazine compounds chosen from the compounds of formula

where:

R₁ and R₂ independently represent H, a halogen, a group chosen from alkoxy and (C₁-C₁₀)alkylthio groups, or a C₁-C₂₅ hydrocarbon group chosen from linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups, aralkyl groups, alkylaryl groups and aryl groups, and optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, it being possible for R₁ to form a ring with R₂,

-   -   A is chosen from         -   —H,         -   a group

where:

R′₁ is identical to R₁,

R′₂ is identical to R₂,

x is an integer greater than or equal to 1, preferably less than or equal to 10, more preferably less than or equal to 8 and very preferably less than or equal to 6,

-   -   a group         ←S_(y)—R₃

where R₃ represents a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, preferably a CR′₃R₄R₅ group, where R′₃, R₄ and R₅ independently represent a C₁-C₁₇ group optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms,

y is an integer greater than or equal to 1, preferably less than or equal to 10, more preferably less than or equal to 8 and very preferably less than or equal to 6,

-   -   a group

-   -   where R₆ is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, optionally interrupted         by one or more heteroatoms,         -   a group

-   -   where R₇ is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, optionally interrupted         by one or more heteroatoms,         -   a group

-   -   where Y is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon chain, optionally interrupted or         substituted by one or more heteroatoms;     -   R₈ is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, optionally interrupted by one         or more heteroatoms,         -   a group

-   -   where X is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon chain, optionally interrupted or         substituted by one or more heteroatoms;     -   R₉ and R₁₀ independently represent a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group,         optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, and         -   a group

-   -   where R₁₁ is H or a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, optionally         interrupted by one or more heteroatoms,     -   M^(n+) represents a metal or non-metal cation,     -   n represents an integer varying between 1 and 4.

In the preceding and succeeding formulae, the arrow (→) denotes the point of attachment of the A and A_(a) groups to the sulphur atom respectively of the formulae (I) and (I′).

Another subject-matter of the invention is a process for preparing a rubber composition for the manufacture of tyres according to the invention, comprising the following stages:

-   -   incorporating the reinforcing filler or fillers in the said         diene elastomer or elastomers during a first stage, everything         being kneaded thermomechanically, in one or more goes, until a         maximum temperature of between 110° C. and 190° C. is reached;     -   subsequently incorporating, during a second stage, the         crosslinking system and kneading everything up to a maximum         temperature of less than 110° C.

Preferably, the invention relates to the process as defined above in which, between the thermomechanical kneading and the incorporation of the crosslinking system, the combined product is cooled to a temperature of less than or equal to 100° C. Preferably, in this case, the final stage is carried out on a second mixer.

A further subject-matter of the invention is the use of a composition according to the invention in the manufacture of a finished article or of a semi-finished product intended for a motor vehicle ground-contact system, such as a tyre, internal safety support for a tyre, wheel, rubber spring, elastomeric joint, other suspension element and vibration damper. In particular, the composition according to the invention can be used in the manufacture of semi-finished products made of rubber which are intended for tyres, such as treads, crown reinforcing plies, sidewalls, carcass reinforcing plies, beads, protectors, underlayers, rubber blocks and other internal rubbers, in particular decoupling rubbers, intended to provide the bonding or the interface between the abovementioned regions of the tyres.

A further subject-matter of the invention is a finished article or semi-finished product intended for a motor vehicle ground-contact system, in particular tyres and semi-finished products for tyres, in particular treads, comprising a composition according to the invention. The tyres in accordance with the invention are intended in particular for passenger vehicles, two-wheel vehicles as for industrial vehicles chosen from vans, heavy-duty vehicles, i.e. underground, bus, heavy road transport vehicles (lorries, tractors, trailers) or off-road vehicles, heavy agricultural vehicles or earthmoving equipment, planes, and other transportation or handling vehicles.

A further subject-matter of the invention is the use, as vulcanization accelerator in a composition based on one or more diene elastomers, on one or more reinforcing fillers and on a vulcanization system, of one or more 1,2,4-triazine compounds of formula (I) and/or (II).

Finally, a subject-matter of the invention is a 1,2,4-triazine of formula

where:

R_(1a) and R_(2a) independently represent H, a halogen, a group chosen from alkoxy and (C₁-C₁₀)alkylthio groups, or a C₁-C₂₅ hydrocarbon group chosen from linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups, aralkyl groups, alkylaryl groups and aryl groups, and optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, it being possible for R_(1a) to form a ring with R_(2a),

-   -   A_(a) is chosen from     -   a group         ←S_(ya)—R_(3a)

where R_(3a) represents a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, provided that R_(3a) does not comprise 1,2,4-triazine and provided that the compound (I′) is not of formula

y_(a) is an integer greater than or equal to 1, preferably less than or equal to 10, more preferably less than or equal to 8 and very preferably less than or equal to 6,

-   -   a group

where R_(6a) is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, it being understood that R_(6a) is other than an optionally substituted phenyl group and it being understood that, if R_(6a) represents a methyl group, R_(1a) and R_(2a) do not form a ring and R_(1a) and R_(2a) respectively do not represent a methyl and a hydroxyl,

-   -   a group

-   -   where R_(7a) is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, optionally         interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, it being understood         that, if R_(7a) represents an ethyl group, R_(1a) and R_(2a) do         not form a ring,         -   a group

-   -   where X_(a) is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon chain, optionally         interrupted or substituted by one or more heteroatoms;

R_(9a) and R_(10a) independently represent a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The invention and its advantages will be easily understood in the light of the description and implementational examples which follow.

I. Measurements and Tests Used

The compounds synthesized as vulcanization accelerators were characterized by mass spectrometry and NMR with the devices and methods indicated below.

Mass Spectrometry

The structural analysis of the expected product and also the determination of the structures of the impurities were carried out by DI/CI analysis (direct introduction in mass spectrometry with chemical ionization as ionization mode).

Operating Conditions:

-   -   Reactant gas: methane/ammonia (85/15) at 2 ml/min     -   Temperature of the source: 200° C.     -   Mass range swept: 50 at 1000 m/z

NMR

The structural analysis and also the determination of the molar purities of the molecules synthesized are carried out by an NMR analysis. The spectra are acquired on a Bruker Avance 500 MHz spectrometer equipped with a 5 mm BBIz-grade “broad band” probe. The quantitative ¹H NMR experiment uses a simple 30° pulse sequence and a repetition time of 3 seconds between each of the 64 acquisitions. The ¹H NMR spectrum coupled with the 2D ¹H/¹³C HSQC and ¹H/¹³C HMBC experiments make possible the structural determination of the molecules (cf. tables of assignments). The molar quantifications are carried out from the quantitative 1D ¹H NMR spectrum.

The rubber compositions in which the 1,2,4-triazine vulcanization accelerators are tested are characterized, before and after curing, as indicated below.

Rheometry

The measurements are carried out at 150° C. with an oscillating disc rheometer, according to Standard DIN 53529—part 3 (June 1983). The change in the rheometric torque ΔTorque (in dN·m) as a function of time describes the change in the stiffening of the composition as a result of the vulcanization reaction. The measurements are processed according to Standard DIN 53529—part 2 (March 1983) (with the exception of the conversion rate constant): T₀ is the induction period, that is to say the time necessary for the start of the vulcanization reaction; T_(α) (for example T₉₉) is the time necessary to achieve a conversion of α%, that is to say α% (for example 99%) of the difference between the minimum and maximum torques.

The conversion rate constant, denoted K (expressed in min⁻¹), which is first order, calculated between 30% and 80% conversion, which makes it possible to assess the vulcanization kinetics, is also measured. This constant K is determined by measuring the slope of the rise in torque on the rheogram for curing at 150° C.

II. Conditions for the Implementation of the Invention

As explained above, the composition according to the invention is based on one or more diene elastomers, on one or more reinforcing fillers and on a vulcanization system.

The expression composition “based on” should be understood as meaning a composition comprising the mixture and/or the reaction product of the various constituents used, some of these base constituents being capable of reacting or intended to react with one another, at least in part, during the various phases of manufacture of the composition, in particular during the vulcanization thereof.

In the present description, unless expressly indicated otherwise, all the percentages (%) are % by weight. Furthermore, any interval of values denoted by the expression “between a and b” represents the range of values extending from more than a to less than b (that is to say, limits a and b excluded), whereas any interval of values denoted by the expression “from a to b” means the range of values extending from a up to b (that is to say, including the strict limits a and b).

II-1. Diene Elastomer

A “diene” elastomer or rubber should be understood, in a known way, as meaning an elastomer resulting at least in part (i.e., a homopolymer or a copolymer) from diene monomers (monomers carrying two conjugated or non-conjugated carbon-carbon double bonds).

These diene elastomers can be classified into two categories: “essentially unsaturated” or “essentially saturated”. Generally, “essentially unsaturated” is understood to mean a diene elastomer resulting at least in part from conjugated diene monomers having a content of units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) which is greater than 15% (mol %); thus it is that diene elastomers, such as butyl rubbers or copolymers of dienes and α-olefins of EPDM type, do not come within the preceding definition and can in particular be described as “essentially saturated” diene elastomers (low or very low content, always less than 15%, of units of diene origin). In the category of “essentially unsaturated” diene elastomers, “highly unsaturated” diene elastomer is understood to mean in particular a diene elastomer having a content of units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) which is greater than 50%.

Given these definitions, diene elastomer capable of being used in the compositions in accordance with the invention is understood more particularly to mean:

(a) any homopolymer obtained by polymerization of a conjugated diene monomer having from 4 to 12 carbon atoms;

(b) any copolymer obtained by copolymerization of one or more conjugated dienes with one another or with one or more vinylaromatic compounds having from 8 to 20 carbon atoms;

(c) a ternary copolymer obtained by copolymerization of ethylene and of an α-olefin having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms with a non-conjugated diene monomer having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms, such as, for example, the elastomers obtained from ethylene and propylene with a non-conjugated diene monomer of the abovementioned type, such as, in particular, 1,4-hexadiene, ethylidenenorbornene or dicyclopentadiene;

(d) a copolymer of isobutene and of isoprene (butyl rubber) and also the halogenated versions, in particular chlorinated or brominated versions, of this type of copolymer.

Although it applies to any type of diene elastomer, a person skilled in the art of tyres will understand that the present invention is preferably employed with essentially unsaturated diene elastomers, in particular of the above type (a) or (b).

The following are suitable in particular as conjugated dienes: 1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-di(C₁-C₅alkyl)-1,3-butadienes, such as, for example, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-diethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1,3-butadiene or 2-methyl-3-isopropyl-1,3-butadiene, an aryl-1,3-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiene or 2,4-hexadiene. The following, for example, are suitable as vinylaromatic compounds: styrene, ortho-, meta- or para-methylstyrene, the “vinyltoluene” commercial mixture, para-(tert-butyl)styrene, methoxystyrenes, chlorostyrenes, vinylmesitylene, divinylbenzene or vinylnaphthalene.

The copolymers can comprise between 99% and 20% by weight of diene units and between 1% and 80% by weight of vinylaromatic units. The elastomers can have any microstructure, which depends on the polymerization conditions used, in particular on the presence or absence of a modifying and/or randomizing agent and on the amounts of modifying and/or randomizing agent employed. The elastomers can, for example, be block, statistical, sequential or microsequential elastomers and can be prepared in dispersion, in emulsion or in solution; they can be coupled and/or star-branched or else functionalized with a coupling and/or star-branching or functionalization agent. Mention may be made, for example, for coupling to carbon black, of functional groups comprising a C—Sn bond or aminated functional groups, such as aminobenzophenone, for example; mention may be made, for example, for coupling to a reinforcing inorganic filler, such as silica, of silanol or polysiloxane functional groups having a silanol end (such as described, for example, in FR 2 740 778, U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,718 or WO 2008/141702), alkoxysilane groups (such as described, for example, in FR 2 765 882 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,977,238), carboxyl groups (such as described, for example, in WO 01/92402 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,815,473, WO 2004/096865 or US 2006/0089445) or else polyether groups (such as described, for example, in EP 1 127 909, U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,973, WO 2009/000750 or WO 2009/000752). Mention may also be made, as other examples of functionalized elastomers, of elastomers (such as SBR, BR, NR or IR) of the epoxidized type.

The following are suitable: polybutadienes and in particular those having a content (mol %) of 1,2- units of between 4% and 80% or those having a content (mol %) of cis-1,4- units of greater than 80%, polyisoprenes, butadiene/styrene copolymers and in particular those having a Tg (glass transition temperature, measured according to ASTM D3418) of between 0° C. and −70° C. and more particularly between −10° C. and −60° C., a styrene content of between 5% and 60% by weight and more particularly between 20% and 50%, a content (mol %) of 1,2-bonds of the butadiene part of between 4% and 75% and a content (mol %) of trans-1,4-bonds of between 10% and 80%, butadiene/isoprene copolymers and especially those having an isoprene content of between 5% and 90% by weight and a Tg of −40° C. to −80° C., or isoprene/styrene copolymers and especially those having a styrene content of between 5% and 50% by weight and a Tg of between 5° C. and −50° C. In the case of butadiene/styrene/isoprene copolymers, those having a styrene content of between 5% and 50% by weight and more particularly of between 10% and 40%, an isoprene content of between 15% and 60% by weight and more particularly of between 20% and 50%, a butadiene content of between 5% and 50% by weight and more particularly of between 20% and 40%, a content (mol %) of 1,2- units of the butadiene part of between 4% and 85%, a content (mol %) of trans-1,4- units of the butadiene part of between 6% and 80%, a content (mol %) of 1,2- plus 3,4- units of the isoprene part of between 5% and 70% and a content (mol %) of trans-1,4- units of the isoprene part of between 10% and 50%, and more generally any butadiene/styrene/isoprene copolymer having a Tg of between −5° C. and −70° C., are suitable in particular.

To summarize, the diene elastomer or elastomers of the composition according to the invention are preferably selected from the group of highly unsaturated diene elastomers consisting of polybutadienes (abbreviated to “BRs”), synthetic polyisoprenes (IRs), natural rubber (NR), butadiene copolymers, isoprene copolymers and the mixtures of these elastomers. Such copolymers are more preferably selected from the group consisting of butadiene/styrene copolymers (SBRs), isoprene/butadiene copolymers (BIRs), isoprene/styrene copolymers (SIRs) and isoprene/butadiene/styrene copolymers (SBIRs).

According to one embodiment, the diene elastomer is natural rubber.

According to another specific embodiment, the diene elastomer is predominantly (i.e., for more than 50 phr) an SBR, whether an SBR prepared in emulsion (“ESBR”) or an SBR prepared in solution (“SSBR”), or an SBR/BR, SBR/NR (or SBR/IR), BR/NR (or BR/IR) or also SBR/BR/NR (or SBR/BR/IR) blend (mixture). In the case of an SBR (ESBR or SSBR) elastomer, use is made in particular of an SBR having a moderate styrene content, for example of between 20% and 35% by weight, or a high styrene content, for example from 35% to 45%, a content of vinyl bonds of the butadiene part of between 15% and 70%, a content (mol %) of trans-1,4-bonds of between 15% and 75% and a Tg of between −10° C. and −55° C.; such an SBR can advantageously be used as a mixture with a BR preferably having more than 90% (mol %) of cis-1,4-bonds.

According to another specific embodiment, the diene elastomer is predominantly (for more than 50 phr) an isoprene elastomer. This is in particular the case when the compositions of the invention are intended to constitute, in the tyres, rubber matrices of certain treads (for example for industrial vehicles), of crown reinforcing plies (for example of working plies, protection plies or hooping plies), of carcass reinforcing plies, of sidewalls, of beads, of protectors, of underlayers, of rubber blocks and other internal rubbers providing the interface between the abovementioned regions of the tyres.

“Isoprene elastomer” is understood to mean, in a known way, an isoprene homopolymer or copolymer, in other words a diene elastomer selected from the group consisting of natural rubber (NR), synthetic polyisoprenes (IRs), various isoprene copolymers and the mixtures of these elastomers. Mention will in particular be made, among isoprene copolymers, of isobutene/isoprene (butyl rubber-IIR), isoprene/styrene (SIR), isoprene/butadiene (BIR) or isoprene/butadiene/styrene (SBIR) copolymers. This isoprene elastomer is preferably natural rubber or a synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene; use is preferably made, among these synthetic polyisoprenes, of polyisoprenes having a content (mol %) of cis-1,4-bonds of greater than 90%, more preferably still of greater than 98%.

According to another specific embodiment, in particular when it is intended for a tyre sidewall or for an airtight internal rubber of a tubeless tyre (or other air-impermeable component), the composition in accordance with the invention can comprise at least one essentially saturated diene elastomer, in particular at least one EPDM copolymer or one butyl rubber (optionally chlorinated or brominated), whether these copolymers are used alone or as a mixture with highly unsaturated diene elastomers as mentioned above, in particular NR or IRs, BR or SBRs.

According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the rubber composition comprises a blend of a (one or more) “high Tg” diene elastomer exhibiting a Tg of between −70° C. and 0° C. and of a (one or more) “low Tg” diene elastomer of between −110° C. and −80° C., more particularly between −105° C. and −90° C. The high Tg elastomer is preferably selected from the group consisting of S-SBRs, E-SBRs, natural rubber, synthetic polyisoprenes (exhibiting a content (mol %) of cis-1,4-enchainments preferably of greater than 95%), BIRs, SIRs, SBIRs, and the mixtures of these elastomers. The low Tg elastomer preferably comprises butadiene units according to a content (mol %) at least equal to 70%; it preferably consists of a polybutadiene (BR) exhibiting a content (mol %) of cis-1,4- enchainments of greater than 90%.

According to another specific embodiment of the invention, the rubber composition comprises, for example, from 30 to 100 phr, in particular from 50 to 100 phr, of a high Tg elastomer as a blend with from 0 to 70 phr, in particular from 0 to 50 phr, of a low Tg elastomer; according to another example, it comprises, for the totality of the 100 phr, one or more SBRs prepared in solution.

According to another specific embodiment of the invention, the diene elastomer of the composition according to the invention comprises a blend of a BR (as low Tg elastomer) exhibiting a content (mol %) of cis-1,4- enchainments of greater than 90% with one or more S-SBRs or E-SBRs (as high Tg elastomer(s)).

The composition according to the invention can comprise just one diene elastomer or a mixture of several diene elastomers, it being possible for the diene elastomer or elastomers to be used in combination with any type of synthetic elastomer other than a diene elastomer, indeed even with polymers other than elastomers, for example thermoplastic polymers.

II-2. Reinforcing Filler

Use may be made of any type of reinforcing filler known for its abilities to reinforce a rubber composition which can be used for the manufacture of tyres, for example an organic filler, such as carbon black, a reinforcing inorganic filler, such as silica, or also a blend of these two types of filler, in particular a blend of carbon black and silica.

All carbon blacks, in particular blacks of the HAF, ISAF or SAF type, conventionally used in tyres (“tyre-grade” blacks), are suitable as carbon blacks. Mention will more particularly be made, among the latter, of the reinforcing carbon blacks of the 100, 200 or 300 series (ASTM grades), such as, for example, the N115, N134, N234, N326, N330, N339, N347 or N375 blacks, or else, depending on the applications targeted, the blacks of higher series (for example N660, N683 or N772). The carbon blacks might, for example, be already incorporated in the isoprene elastomer in the form of a masterbatch (see, for example, Applications WO 97/36724 or WO 99/16600).

Mention may be made, as examples of organic fillers other than carbon blacks, of functionalized polyvinylaromatic organic fillers, such as described in Applications WO-A-2006/069792 and WO-A-2006/069793.

The term “reinforcing inorganic filler” should be understood, in the present patent application, by definition, as meaning any inorganic or mineral filler, whatever its colour and its origin (natural or synthetic), also known as “white filler”, “clear filler” or indeed even “non-black filler”, in contrast to carbon black, capable of reinforcing by itself alone, without means other than an intermediate coupling agent, a rubber composition intended for the manufacture of tyres, in other words capable of replacing, in its reinforcing role, a conventional tyre-grade carbon black; such a filler is generally characterized, in a known way, by the presence of hydroxyl (—OH) groups at its surface.

The physical state under which the reinforcing inorganic filler is provided is not important, whether it is in the form of a powder, of microbeads, of granules, of beads or any other appropriate densified form. Of course, the term “reinforcing inorganic filler” is also understood to mean mixtures of different reinforcing inorganic fillers, in particular of highly dispersible siliceous and/or aluminous fillers as described below.

Mineral fillers of the siliceous type, in particular silica (SiO₂), or of the aluminous type, in particular alumina (Al₂O₃), are suitable in particular as reinforcing inorganic fillers. The silica used can be any reinforcing silica known to a person skilled in the art, in particular any precipitated or fumed silica exhibiting a BET specific surface and a CTAB specific surface both of less than 450 m²/g, preferably from 30 to 400 m²/g. Mention will be made, as highly dispersible precipitated silicas (“HDSs”), for example, of the Ultrasil 7000 and Ultrasil 7005 silicas from Degussa, the Zeosil 1165 MP, 1135 MP and 1115 MP silicas from Rhodia, the Hi-Sil EZ150G silica from PPG, the Zeopol 8715, 8745 and 8755 silicas from Huber or the silicas with a high specific surface as described in Application WO 03/16837.

When the composition according to the invention is intended for tyre treads having a low rolling resistance, the reinforcing inorganic filler used, in particular if it is silica, preferably has a BET specific surface of between 45 and 400 m²/g, more preferably of between 60 and 300 m²/g.

Preferably, the content of total reinforcing filler (carbon black and/or reinforcing inorganic filler, such as silica) is between 20 and 200 phr, more preferably between 30 and 150 phr, the optimum being, in a known way, different depending on the specific applications targeted: the level of reinforcement expected with regard to a bicycle tyre, for example, is, of course, less than that required with regard to a tyre capable of running at high speed in a sustained manner, for example a motorcycle tyre, a tyre for a passenger vehicle or a tyre for a utility vehicle, such as a heavy-duty vehicle.

According to one embodiment of the invention, use is made of a reinforcing filler comprising between 30 and 150 phr, more preferably between 50 and 120 phr, of inorganic filler, particularly of silica and optionally of carbon black; the carbon black, when it is present, is preferably used at a content of less then 20 phr, more preferably of less than 10 phr (for example between 0.1 and 10 phr).

According to another embodiment, the reinforcing filler is carbon black.

Use is made, in a known way, in order to couple the reinforcing inorganic filler to the diene elastomer, of an at least bifunctional coupling agent (or bonding agent) intended to provide a satisfactory connection, of chemical and/or physical nature, between the inorganic filler (surface of its particles) and the diene elastomer, in particular bifunctional organosilanes or polyorganosiloxanes.

Use is made in particular of silane polysulphides, referred to as “symmetrical” or “unsymmetrical” depending on their specific structure, such as described, for example, in Applications WO 03/002648 (or US 2005/016651) and WO 03/002649 (or US 2005/016650).

Suitable in particular, without the definition below being limiting, are silane polysulphides referred to as “symmetrical”, corresponding to the following general formula (III): Z-D-S_(p)-D-Z,  (III) in which:

-   -   p is an integer from 2 to 8 (preferably from 2 to 5);     -   D is a divalent hydrocarbon radical (preferably C₁-C₁₈ alkylene         groups or C₆-C₁₂ arylene groups, more particularly C₁-C₁₀         alkylenes, in particular C₁-C₄ alkylenes, especially propylene);     -   Z corresponds to one of the formulae below:

in which:

-   -   the R₂₁ radicals, which are substituted or unsubstituted and         identical to or different from one another, represent a C₁-C₁₈         alkyl, C₅-C₁₈ cycloalkyl or C₆-C₁₈ aryl group (preferably C₁-C₆         alkyl, cyclohexyl or phenyl groups, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl         groups, more particularly methyl and/or ethyl);     -   the R₂₂ radicals, which are substituted or unsubstituted and         identical to or different from one another, represent a C₁-C₁₈         alkoxyl or C₅-C₁₈ cycloalkoxyl group (preferably a group chosen         from C₁-C₈ alkoxyls and C₅-C₈ cycloalkoxyls, more particularly         still a group chosen from C₁-C₄ alkoxyls, in particular methoxyl         and ethoxyl).

In the case of a mixture of alkoxysilane polysulphides corresponding to the above formula (III), in particular normal commercially available mixtures, the mean value of the “p” indices is a fractional number preferably of between 2 and 5, more preferably of approximately 4. However, the invention can also advantageously be carried out, for example, with alkoxysilane disulphides (p=2).

Mention will more particularly be made, as examples of silane polysulphides, of bis((C₁-C₄)alkoxyl(C₁-C₄)alkylsilyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl)polysulphides (in particular disulphides, trisulphides or tetrasulphides), such as, for example, bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) or bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)polysulphides. Use will in particular be made, among these compounds, of bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulphide, abbreviated to TESPT, of formula [(C₂H₅O)₃Si(CH₂)₃S₂]₂, or of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)disulphide, abbreviated to TESPD, of formula [(C₂H₅O)₃Si(CH₂)₃S]₂. Mention will also be made, as preferred examples, of bis(mono(C₁-C₄)alkoxyldi(C₁-C₄)alkylsilylpropyl)polysulphides (in particular disulphides, trisulphides or tetrasulphides), more particularly bis(monoethoxydimethylsilylpropyl)tetrasulphide, such as described in Patent Application WO 02/083782 (or US 2004/132880).

Mention will in particular be made, as coupling agents other than an alkoxysilane polysulphide, of bifunctional POSs (polyorganosiloxanes) or else of hydroxysilane polysulphides (R₂₂═OH in the above formula III), such as described in Patent Applications WO 02/30939 (or U.S. Pat. No. 6,774,255) and WO 02/31041 (or US 2004/051210), or else of silanes or POSs carrying azodicarbonyl functional groups, such as described, for example, in Patent Applications WO 2006/125532, WO 2006/125533 or WO 2006/125534.

In the rubber compositions in accordance with the invention, the content of coupling agent is preferably between 4 and 12 phr, more preferably between 3 and 8 phr.

A person skilled in the art will understand that a reinforcing filler of another nature, in particular organic nature, might be used as filler equivalent to the reinforcing inorganic filler described in the present section, provided that this reinforcing filler is covered with an inorganic layer, such as silica, or else comprises, at its surface, functional sites, in particular hydroxyls, requiring the use of a coupling agent in order to form the connection between the filler and the elastomer.

II.3 Vulcanization System

The vulcanization system proper is based on sulphur (or on a sulphur-donating agent) and on a primary vulcanization accelerator. Additional to this base vulcanization system are various known secondary vulcanization accelerators or vulcanization activators, such as zinc oxide, stearic acid or equivalent compounds, or guanidine derivatives (in particular diphenylguanidine), incorporated during the first non-productive phase and/or during the productive phase, as described subsequently.

The sulphur is used at a preferred content of between 0.5 and 10 phr, more preferably of between 0.5 and 5 phr, in particular between 0.5 and 3 phr, when the composition of the invention is intended, according to a preferred form of the invention, to constitute a tyre tread.

The primary vulcanization accelerator must make possible crosslinking of the rubber compositions within industrially acceptable times, while retaining a minimum safe time (“scorch time”) during which the compositions can be shaped without risk of premature vulcanization (“scorching”).

According to the invention, the vulcanization system comprises, as primary vulcanization accelerator, one or more 1,2,4-triazine compounds chosen from the compounds of formula

where:

R₁ and R₂ independently represent H, a halogen, a group chosen from alkoxy and (C₁-C₁₀)alkylthio groups, or a C₁-C₂₅ hydrocarbon group chosen from linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups, aralkyl groups, alkylaryl groups and aryl groups, and optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, it being possible for R₁ to form a ring with R₂,

-   -   A is chosen from         -   —H,         -   a group

-   -   where:     -   R′₁ is identical to R₁,     -   R′₂ is identical to R₂,

x is an integer greater than or equal to 1, preferably less than or equal to 10, more preferably less than or equal to 8 and very preferably less than or equal to 6,

-   -   a group         ←S_(y)—R₃

where R₃ represents a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, preferably a CR′₃R₄R₅ group, where R′₃, R₄ and R₅ independently represent a C₁-C₁₇ group optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms,

y is an integer greater than or equal to 1, preferably less than or equal to 10, more preferably less than or equal to 8 and very preferably less than or equal to 6,

-   -   a group

-   -   where R₆ is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, optionally interrupted         by one or more heteroatoms,         -   a group

-   -   where R₇ is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, optionally interrupted         by one or more heteroatoms,         -   a group

-   -   where Y is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon chain, optionally interrupted or         substituted by one or more heteroatoms;     -   R₈ is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, optionally interrupted by one         or more heteroatoms,         -   a group

-   -   where X is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon chain, optionally interrupted or         substituted by one or more heteroatoms;     -   R₉ and R₁₀ independently represent a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group,         optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, and         -   a group

-   -   where R₁₁ is H or a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, optionally         interrupted by one or more heteroatoms,     -   Mn⁺ represents a metal or non-metal cation,     -   n represents an integer varying between 1 and 4.

The compounds of formula (I) and (II) can advantageously replace, in all or part, the accelerator compounds conventionally used.

Cyclic alkyl group is understood to mean an alkyl group composed of one or more rings.

Hydrocarbon group or chain interrupted by one or more heteroatoms is understood to mean a group or chain comprising one or more heteroatoms, each heteroatom being between two carbon atoms of the said group or the said chain or between a carbon atom of the said group or the said chain and another heteroatom of the said group or the said chain or between two other heteroatoms of the said group or the said chain.

The heteroatom or heteroatoms can be a nitrogen, sulphur or oxygen atom.

According to a first embodiment, R₁ and R₂ independently represent H or a phenyl group.

According to a second embodiment, R₂ represents a phenyl group and R₁ represents H.

The compound or compounds of formula (I) are advantageously chosen from the compounds for which the A group is chosen from

-   -   the group

-   -   the group         ←S_(y)—R₃     -   the group

-   -   the group

-   -   where x, R′₁, R′₂, y, R₃, X, R₉, R₁₀ and R₁₁ are as defined         above.

The R₃ and R₆ to R₁₁ groups can be independently chosen from linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups, aryl groups, aralkyl groups and alkylaryl groups, with the proviso of optional conditions clarified above for each of these groups.

The R′₃, R₄ and R₅ groups can be independently chosen from linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups, aryl groups, aralkyl groups and alkylaryl groups.

The X and Y groups can be independently chosen from linear, branched or cyclic alkylene groups, arylene groups and alkylarylene groups.

The M^(n+) cation can be a metal cation chosen from Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺ and Li⁺.

The M^(n+) cation can be a non-metal cation, such as an ammonium ion, for example the NMe₄ ⁺, NH₄ ⁺ or H₃NMe⁺ ion.

According to a specific embodiment, R′₃, R₄ and R₅ represent a methyl group.

According to a specific embodiment, R₆ represents a C₁-C₄ alkyl, more preferably a C₁-C₃ alkyl and very preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group.

According to a specific embodiment, R₇ represents a C₁-C₄ alkyl, more preferably a C₁-C₃ alkyl and very preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group, or else R₇ represents an aralkyl group, such as, for example, a benzyl group.

According to a specific embodiment, Y represents a C₁-C₄ alkylene, more preferably a C₁-C₃ alkylene and very preferably a propylene group or an ethylene group and R₈ represents a C₁-C₄ alkyl, more preferably a C₁-C₃ alkyl and very preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group.

According to a specific embodiment, X represents a C₁-C₄ alkylene, more preferably a C₁-C₃ alkylene and very preferably a methylene group or an ethylene group and R₉ and R₁₀ independently represent a C₁-C₄ alkyl, more preferably a C₁-C₃ alkyl and very preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group.

According to a specific embodiment, R₁₁ represents H.

Mention may be made, as specific compounds of formula (I), of the following compounds:

The compound or compounds of formula (I) and/or (II) generally represent from 0.1 to 7 phr, preferably from 0.2 to 7 phr, more preferably from 0.5 to 7 phr and better still from 0.5 to 5 phr.

The vulcanization system of the composition according to the invention can also comprise one or more additional primary accelerators, in particular compounds of the family of the thiurams, zinc dithiocarbamate derivatives, sulphenamides, guanidines or thiophosphates.

II-4. Various Additives

The rubber composition according to the invention can also comprise all or a portion of the usual additives generally used in elastomer compositions intended for the manufacture of tyres, in particular of treads, such as, for example, plasticizers or extending oils, whether the latter are of aromatic or non-aromatic nature, pigments, protection agents, such as anti-ozone waxes (such as Cire Ozone C32 ST), chemical anti-ozonants or antioxidants (such as 6-PPD), anti-fatigue agents, reinforcing resins, methylene acceptors (for example, phenolic novolak resin) or methylene donors (for example, HMT or H3M), as described, for example, in Application WO 02/10269.

Preferably, the composition according to the invention comprises, as preferred non-aromatic or very weakly aromatic plasticizing agent, at least one compound selected from the group consisting of naphthenic oils, paraffinic oils, MES oils, TDAE oils, glycerol esters (in particular trioleates), plasticizing hydrocarbon resins exhibiting a high Tg preferably of greater than 30° C., and mixtures of such compounds.

The composition according to the invention can also comprise, in addition to the coupling agents, activators of the coupling of the reinforcing inorganic filler or more generally processing aids capable, in a known way, by virtue of an improvement in the dispersion of the inorganic filler in the rubber matrix and of a lowering in the viscosity of the compositions, of improving their ease of processing in the raw state, these processing aids being, for example, hydrolysable silanes, such as alkylalkoxysilanes (in particular alkyltriethoxysilanes), polyols, polyethers (for example, polyethylene glycols), primary, secondary or tertiary amines (for example, trialkanolamines), hydroxylated or hydrolysable POSs, for example α,ω-dihydroxypolyorganosiloxanes (in particular α,ω-dihydroxypolydimethylsiloxanes), or fatty acids, such as, for example, stearic acid.

II-5. Manufacture of the Rubber Compositions

The rubber composition according to the invention is manufactured in appropriate mixers, generally using two successive phases of preparation according to a general procedure well known to a person skilled in the art: a first phase of thermomechanical working or kneading (sometimes referred to as “non-productive” phase) at high temperature, up to a maximum temperature of between 110° C. and 190° C., preferably between 115° C. and 150° C. and more preferably still between 115° C. and 140° C., followed by a second phase of mechanical working (sometimes referred to as “productive” phase) at lower temperature, typically below 110° C., for example between 40° C. and 100° C., during which finishing phase the crosslinking or vulcanization system can be incorporated.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, all the base constituents of the composition of the invention, with the exception of the vulcanization system, namely the reinforcing filler or fillers and the coupling agent, if appropriate, are intimately incorporated, by kneading, in the diene elastomer or in the diene elastomers during the first “non-productive” phase, that is to say that at least these various base constituents are introduced into the mixer and are thermomechanically kneaded, in one or more stages, until the maximum temperature of between 110° C. and 190° C., preferably of between 115° C. and 150° C., is reached.

The two phases can be carried out consecutively on one and the same mixer or can be separated by a stage of cooling to a temperature of less than 100° C., the final stage then being carried out on a second mixer.

By way of example, the first (non-productive) phase is carried out in a single thermomechanical stage during which all the necessary constituents, the optional supplementary processing aids and various other additives, with the exception of the vulcanization system, are introduced into an appropriate mixer, such as an ordinary internal mixer. The total duration of the kneading, in this non-productive phase, is preferably between 1 and 15 min. After cooling the mixture thus obtained during the first non-productive phase, the vulcanization system is then incorporated at low temperature, generally in an external mixer, such as an open mill; everything is then mixed (productive phase) for a few minutes, for example between 2 and 15 min.

The final composition thus obtained is subsequently calendered, for example in the form of a sheet or plaque, in particular for laboratory characterization, or else extruded in the form of a rubber profiled element which can be used, for example, as a tyre tread for a passenger vehicle.

II-6. Specific 1,2,4-triazine Compounds

A further subject-matter of the invention is a 1,2,4-triazine compound of formula

where:

R_(1a) and R_(2a) independently represent H, a halogen, a group chosen from alkoxy and (C₁-C₁₀)alkylthio groups, or a C₁-C₂₅ hydrocarbon group chosen from linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups, aralkyl groups, alkylaryl groups and aryl groups, and optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, it being possible for R_(1a) to form a ring with R_(2a),

-   -   A_(a) is chosen from     -   a group         ←S_(ya)—R_(3a)

where R_(3a) represents a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, provided that R_(3a) does not comprise 1,2,4-triazine and provided that the compound (I′) is not of formula

y_(a) is an integer greater than or equal to 1, preferably less than or equal to 10, more preferably less than or equal to 8 and very preferably less than or equal to 6,

-   -   a group

where R_(6a) is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, it being understood that R_(6a) is other than an optionally substituted phenyl group and it being understood that, if R_(6a) represents a methyl group, R_(1a) and R_(2a) do not form a ring and R_(1a) and R_(2a) respectively do not represent a methyl and a hydroxyl,

-   -   a group

-   -   where R_(7a) is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, optionally         interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, it being understood         that, if R_(7a) represents an ethyl group, R_(1a) and R_(2a) do         not form a ring,         -   a group

-   -   where X_(a) is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon chain, optionally         interrupted or substituted by one or more heteroatoms;

R_(9a) and R_(10a) independently represent a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms.

Cyclic alkyl group is understood to mean an alkyl group composed of one or more rings.

Hydrocarbon group or chain interrupted by one or more heteroatoms is understood to mean a group or chain comprising one or more heteroatoms, each heteroatom being between two carbon atoms of the said group or the said chain or between a carbon atom of the said group or the said chain and another heteroatom of the said group or the said chain or between two other heteroatoms of the said group or the said chain.

The heteroatom or heteroatoms can be a nitrogen, sulphur or oxygen atom.

According to a first embodiment, R_(1a) and R_(2a) independently represent H or a phenyl group.

According to a second embodiment, R_(2a) represents a phenyl group and R_(1a) represents H.

Advantageously, the 1,2,4-triazine compound of formula (I′) is such that Aa is chosen from:

-   -   the group         ←S_(ya)—R_(3a)     -   and         -   the group

-   -   where Y_(a), R_(3a), X_(a), R_(9a) and R_(10a) are as defined         above.

The R_(3a), R_(6a), R_(7a) and R_(9a) to R_(10a) groups can be independently chosen from linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups, aryl groups, aralkyl groups and alkylaryl groups, with the proviso of optional conditions clarified above for each of these groups.

Preferably, the R′_(3a) group represents a CR′_(3a)R_(4a)R_(5a) group, where R′_(3a), R_(4a) and R_(5a) independently represent H or a C₁-C₁₇ group optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms,

The R′_(3a), R_(4a) and R_(5a) groups can be independently chosen from linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups, aryl groups, aralkyl groups and alkylaryl groups.

The X_(a) group can be chosen from linear, branched or cyclic alkylene groups, arylene groups and alkylarylene groups.

According to a specific embodiment, R′_(3a), R_(4a) and R_(5a) represent a methyl group.

According to a specific embodiment, R_(7a) represents a C₁-C₄ alkyl, more preferably a C₁-C₃ alkyl and very preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group, or else R_(7a) represents an aralkyl group, such as, for example, a benzyl group.

According to a specific embodiment, Xa represents a C₁-C₄ alkylene, more preferably a C₁-C₃ alkylene and very preferably a methylene group or an ethylene group and R_(9a) and R_(10a) independently represent a C₁-C₄ alkyl, more preferably a C₁-C₃ alkyl and very preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group.

II-7. Preparation of the Accelerators of General Formula (I), (II) and (I′)

A person skilled in the art knows how to prepare the 1,2,4-triazine compounds of general formula (I) when the A group represents a hydrogen atom, in which case the 1,2,4-triazines are substituted by a thiol. This thiol can be salified by techniques known to a person skilled in the art in order to obtain the thiolate compounds of general formula (II).

A person skilled in the art, starting from the thiols or thiolates described above and depending on the nature of the A group, can obtain the compounds of general formula (I) or (I′) as described below:

-   -   When the A radical represents a group

as defined above, the compound can be prepared by an oxidative coupling.

An organic or inorganic oxidizing agent (for example diisopropyl azodicarboxylate or ammonium persulphate, or also iodine or a sodium hypochlorite solution) is added to a solution of the thiol precursor. For example, this type of procedure is described in the following documents:

-   -   with NaOCl by Mathes in U.S. Pat. No. 2,196,607 (1940),     -   with (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ in Stewart, Mathes, J. of Org. Chem., 1949, vol.         14, pp. 1111-1117.

By this reaction, the derivatives in which x=1 are obtained. In order to obtain the compounds in which x is greater than 1, it is possible to insert sulphur atoms into the existing sulphur-sulphur bond, for example by reaction with triphenylthiosulphenyl chloride in dichloromethane in the presence of acetic acid, as provided, for example, in Tetrahedron Letters, Volume 41, Issue 37, September 2000, pages 7169-7172.

-   -   When the Aa or A radical represents a group         ←S_(y)—R₃ or ←S_(ya)—R_(3a)

as defined above, the synthetic route can be similar to that described for the preceding compounds.

For example, Birch describes the oxidative coupling of methyl mercaptan with tert-butyl mercaptan in the presence of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) (Birch et al. Journal of the Institute of Petroleum, 1953, vol. 39, pp. 206,210).

It is also possible to follow another procedure consisting in carrying out a redistribution reaction on a symmetrical disulphide in the presence of an alkyl mercaptan, as described, for example, by Brzezinska, Ewa and Ternay, Andrew L., Jr. in the paper Disulfides Syntheses Using 2,2′-Dithiobis(benzothiazole), Journal of Organic Chemistry (1994), 59, 8239-8244. This method consists in reacting a symmetrical disulphide and a mercaptan, such as, for example, tert-butyl mercaptan, in chloroform, which results in a redistribution.

By this reaction, the derivatives in which y=1 are obtained. In order to obtain the compounds in which y is greater than 1, it is possible to insert sulphur atoms into the existing sulphur-sulphur bond, for example by reaction with triphenylthiosulphenyl chloride in dichloromethane in the presence of acetic acid, as provided, for example, in Tetrahedron Letters, Volume 41, Issue 37, September 2000, pages 7169-7172.

-   -   When the Aa or A radical represents a group

as defined above, this compound can be prepared according to a thioesterification reaction between the thiol and its corresponding thiolate with a carboxylic acid or its derivatives (acid chloride, anhydride) carrying the R₆ radical.

For example, Jan Larsen and Christine Lenoir in Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 9, p. 72 (1998), describe a thioesterification reaction between a thiol and an acid chloride in the presence of triethylamine to trap the hydrochloric acid formed, the reaction being carried out in dichloromethane at between 0 and 10° C.

-   -   When the Aa or A radical represents a group

as defined above, this compound can be prepared by an addition/elimination reaction between the thiol and an alkyl chloroformate carrying the R₇ or R_(7a) radical, which can itself either be commercially available or be prepared by reaction between an alcohol and phosgene or one of its derivatives. An organic or inorganic base can be added in order to trap the hydrochloric acid formed.

This approach is described by Taylor, Roger in Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2: Physical Organic Chemistry (1972-1999), 1983, pp. 291-296. The authors react ethyl mercaptan with methyl chloroformate in the presence of pyridine.

Instead of using the thiol, it is possible to use the corresponding thiolate. This approach is described by Suzuki, Shigenori, Hisamichi, Kanehiko and Endo, Katsuya in Heterocycles, 1993, vol. 35, #2 pp. 895-900. The authors react sodium methylthiolate with methyl chloroformate in order to obtain the thiocarbonate derivative.

Another synthetic route consists in reacting the thiol or its thiolate with phosgene (Chen, H. W. et al., Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1978, vol. 100, pp. 2370-2375) or one of its derivatives, such as triphosgene (WO2008/038175), optionally in the presence of an inorganic or organic base, such as a tertiary amine, for example, in order to form the chlorothioformate intermediate. This intermediate can subsequently react with an alcohol in the presence of an organic base, such as a tertiary amine, in order to form the thiocarbonate compound. This approach is, for example, described in Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p. 166 (1973); Vol. 44, p. 20 (1964).

-   -   When the A radical represents a group

as defined above, this compound can be prepared by nucleophilic substitution between the thiol or its thiolate and an ester substituted by a halogen group and carrying the Y and R₈ radicals, such as, for example, bromoethyl acetate or methyl 4-bromobutyrate.

For example, the reaction between 3-mercapto-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine and ethyl 3-bromopropionate in ethyl acetate in the presence of triethylamine, in order to trap the hydrobromic acid formed, is descibed by Bhalla, M., Srivastava, V. K., Bhalla, T. N. and Shanker, K. in Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico (1995), 134(1), 9-15.

-   -   When the Aa or A radical represents a group

as defined above, this compound can be prepared by nucleophilic substitution between the thiol or its thiolate and a halogenated derivative of a phosphonate or of a phosphonic acid carrying the X, R₉ and R₁₀ or X_(a), R_(9a) and R_(10a) radicals, and more particularly with a bromo- ou chloroalkylphosphonate.

This reaction is described, for example, for the reaction between diethyl (2-bromoethyl)phosphonate and sodium ethanethiolate in an ether (Mikolajczyk, Marian, Costisella, Burkhard and Grzejszczak, Slawomir, Tetrahedron, 1983, vol. 39, #7 pp. 1189-1193).

-   -   When the A radical represents a group

as defined above, this compound can be prepared by nucleophilic substitution between the thiol or its thiolate and an allyl halide carrying the R₁₁ radical, for example, between the thiol and allyl bromide.

For example, the reaction between a triazinethiol and an allyl halide in the presence of potassium carbonate in alcohol is described in Patent BE 503980 of the Société Belge de l'azote et des produits chimiques du Marly (1951).

An example of a compound of formula (I) is 1,2,4-triazine-3-thione,

the synthesis of which is described, for example, in Patent BE 503980.

Another example of a compound of formula (I) is 3-mercapto-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine of formula

described in the document “Some mercaptotriazines”, Gianturco, Maurizio and Romeo, Aurelio, Gazzetta Chimica Italiana (1953), 82, 429-34.

Mention may also be made of the compound of formula

described in the document Syntheses and structure of some 5-substituted 2,3-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine-3-thiones, Tisler, M, Croatica Chemica Acta (1960), 32, 123-32.

Mention may also be made of the compound of formula

described in the document Oxidation of substituted thioxo-1,2,4-triazinones, Mironovich, L. M. and Salistyi, S. M., Ukrainskii Khimicheskii Zhurnal (Russian Edition) (1996), 62(1-2), 131-133.

Mention may also be made of the compound of formula

described in the document Antifungal properties of a novel 1,2,4-triazine derivative I 319, Wieczorek, Jadwiga, Mordarski, Marian, Rykowski, Andrzej and Nantka-Namirski, Pawel, Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis (1980), 28(5), 727-33 Mention may also be made of the compound of formula

described in the document Synthesis and neuropharmacological activity of 1,2,4-triazine-3-thione derivatives, Smagin, S. S., Bogachev, V. E., Yakubovskii, A. K., Metkalova, S. E., Privol'neva, T. P., Chugunov, V. V. and Lavretskaya, E. F., Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal (1975), 9(4), 11-15.

Mention may also be made of the compounds of formula

described in the document Use of asymmetric triazines in analytical chemistry. III. Constitution of asymmetric monoalkyl-3-mercaptotriazine with some metals, Kralovsky, Josef; Jenik, Josef; Renger, Frantisek, Sbornik Vedeckych Praci—Vysoka Skola Chemickotechnologicka Pardubice (1969), No. 19(Pt. 1), 79-84.

III. Examples of he Implementation of the Invention III-1 Examples of the Syntheses of Compounds 1. Synthesis of compound A 3-(allylthio)-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine

3-(Allylthio)-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine (compound A) is prepared from 5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine-3-thiol and allyl bromide according to the following synthetic scheme;

3-(Allylthio)-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine is described in the literature: Rudakov, B. V., Kim, D. G., Alekseev, S. G., Charushin, V. N. and Shorshnev, S. V.; Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry; vol. 33; No. 7; (1997); pp. 1033-1036; Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khimii; vol. 33; No. 7; (1997); pp. 1103-1106).

K₂CO₃ (1.61 g, 0.011 mol, Aldrich, >99%) is added, in one go, to a solution of 5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine-3-thiol (3.80 g, 0.020 mol, 90 mol %) in 25 ml of acetone. The reaction medium is stirred at ambient temperature (22-24° C.) for 1.5 hours. A solution of allyl bromide (2.56 g, 0.021 mol, Acros, 99%) in 15 ml of acetone is subsequently added over 10 minutes. The reaction medium is stirred at reflux for 40 minutes and then slowly cooled (40-50 minutes) down to ambient temperature. The precipitate is filtered off and the filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure (8-10 mbar, 23° C.).

A brown oil (4.04 g, 0.017 mol, yield 88%) is obtained.

The molar purity is greater than 94% (¹H NMR).

TLC: R_(f)=0.6 (SiO₂; heptane:EtOAc=2:3; visualization by UV and I₂).

The chemical shifts obtained by ¹H and ¹³C NMR in d₆-DMSO are given in the table below. The calibration is carried out with regard to DMSO (2.44 ppm in ¹H and at 39.5 ppm in ¹³C).

No. of atoms δ of the ¹H (ppm) δ of the ¹³C (ppm)  1 7.61 132.6  2 7.55 129.3  3 8.25 127.8  4 / 133.2  5 / 154.1  6 9.77 142.9  7 / 171.5  8 3.92 32.4  9 5.96 132.8 10 5.10 + 5.33 118.3

Characterization in DI/CI (direct injection/chemical ionization) mass spectroscopy:

Approximately 20 mg of sample were dissolved in 2 ml of acetone for the analysis by GC/MS/EI and DI/CI.

m/z: 258 ([M+C₂H₅]⁺), 230 ([M+H]⁺)

2. Synthesis of compound B: 1,2-Bis(5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)disulphide (or 5-phenyl-3-[(5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)dithio]-1,2,4-triazine)

This compound is prepared from 5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine-3-thiol according to the following synthetic scheme which is based on an oxidative coupling:

5-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazine-3-thiol is commercially available (CAS number [15969-28-5]) and can be obtained according to procedures described in the following documents:

1. Daunis, J. et al., Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France, 1969, 10, 3675-3678.

2. Joshi, K. C., Dubey, K. and Dandia, A., Heterocycles (1981), 16(9), 1545-1553.

Ammonium persulphate (5.80 g, 0.025 mol) is added, in one go, to the mixture of 5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine-3-thiol (3.21 g, 0.017 mol) and water (100 ml). The reaction medium is stirred at reflux for 15 minutes. After returning to ambient temperature, the precipitate is filtered off and washed 3 times with water (150 ml). After drying at ambient temperature, a yellow solid (2.78 g, 0.007 mol, yield 87%) with a melting point of 185° C. is obtained. The molar purity, estimated by ¹H NMR, is 95%.

The complete characterization of the product is carried out by NMR. The chemical shifts obtained by ¹H and ¹³C NMR in d₆-DMSO are given in the table below. The calibration is carried out with regard to DMSO (2.44 ppm in ¹H and at 39.5 ppm in ¹³C).

The results are given in the table below:

δ ¹H (ppm) + Atom mult. δ ¹³C (ppm) 1 7.58 (t) 133.3 2 7.48 (t) 129.4 3 8.14 (d) 127.9 4 — 132.2 5 — 155.2 6 9.93 (s) 144.7 7 — 168.9

3. Synthesis of compound C: 3-(tert-Butyldisulphanyl)-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine

3-(tert-Butyldisulphanyl)-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine (compound C) is prepared from 5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine-3-thiol in two stages:

Stage 1:

1,2-Bis(5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)disulphide (compound B) is obtained as described above.

Stage 2:

Procedure of the 2^(nd) Stage:

A solution of triethylamine (5.47 g, 0.051 mol) in 50 ml of cyclohexane is added to a mixture of 1,2-bis(5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)disulphide (18.5 g, 0.049 mol) and tert-butanethiol (4.88 g, 0.054 mol) in cyclohexane (600 ml) at 50° C. The reaction medium is maintained at 50-53° C. for 13 hours. The reaction medium is filtered at 45° C. through Celite® and then washed with petroleum ether (twice with 50 ml). The filtrate is condensed under reduced pressure (T_(bath) 40° C., 8-15 mbar) and a red solid (11.82 g, 0.043 mol, yield 87%) with a melting point of 99° C. is obtained.

The molar purity is greater than 94% (¹H NMR).

NMR Characterization:

The chemical shifts obtained by ¹H and ¹³C NMR in d₆-DMSO are given in the table below. The calibration is carried out with regard to DMSO (2.44 ppm in ¹H and at 39.5 ppm in ¹³C).

No. δ ¹H (ppm) δ ¹³C (ppm) 1 7.63 134.0 2 7.58 129.3 3 8.32 127.7 4 / 132.3 5 / 154.5 6 9.89 144.1 7 / 170.9 8 / 49.1 9 1.30 29.2

4. Synthesis of compound D: Diethyl 2-(5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-ylthio)ethylphosphonate

Diethyl 2-(5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-ylthio)ethylphosphonate is prepared in one stage from 5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine-3-thiol according to the following scheme:

K₂CO₃ (3.88 g, 0.028 mol, Aldrich, >99%) is added, in one go, to a solution of 5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine-3-thiol (5.40 g, 0.029 mol, 90 mol %) in 50 ml of acetone. The reaction medium is stirred at ambient temperature (22-24° C.) for 20 minutes and then diethyl 2-bromoethylphosphonate (6.90 g, 0.028 mol, Aldrich, 97%) is added dropwise over a period of 3 minutes. The reaction medium is stirred at reflux for one hour and is subsequently slowly cooled (2 hours) down to ambient temperature.

The reaction medium is filtered (removal of the residual salts) and the solid salts are washed on the filter with 20 ml of acetone. The filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure (10-13 mbar, 23° C.) and the residual solid is dried under reduced pressure until a constant weight is obtained.

A yellow solid (8.94 g, 0.025 mol, yield 90%) with a melting point of 78-79° C. is obtained.

The molar purity is greater than 91% (¹H NMR).

TLC: R_(f)=0.30 (SiO₂; EtOAc; visualization by UV and I₂).

NMR Characterization:

The chemical shifts obtained by ¹H and ¹³C NMR in d₆-DMSO are given in the table below. The calibration is carried out with regard to DMSO (2.44 ppm in ¹H, at 39.5 ppm in ¹³C and the ³¹P calibration with rs=0; rs: reference spectrum).

No. δ ¹H (ppm) δ ¹³C (ppm)  1 7.62 132.9  2 7.55 129.1  3 8.28 127.9  4 — 132.8  5 — 154.1  6 9.78 142.8  7 — 171.3  8 3.35 ~23.3  9 2.24 ~24.8 10 3.99 61.1 11 1.20 16.2

The chemical shift of the ³¹P is 27.9 ppm.

Characterization in DI/CI (direct injection/chemical ionization) mass spectroscopy:

Approximately 20 mg of sample were dissolved in 2 ml of acetone for the analysis by GC/MS/EI and DI/CI.

m/z: 354 ([M+H]⁺)

5. Synthesis of compound E: ethyl 2-(5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-ylthio)acetate

Compound E is prepared according to the following synthetic scheme:

Ethyl chloroacetate (9.608 g, 0.078 mol) is added dropwise at ambient temperature to a solution of 5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine-3-thiol (14.84 g, 0.078 mol) and sodium hydroxide (3.136 g, 0.078 mol) in 450 ml of water. The reaction medium is subsequently stirred vigorously for 2 hours and then filtered, and the filter residue is washed with water (2 l).

After crystallization from 300 ml of isopropanol (soluble under hot conditions at approximately +50° C.), a pale yellow solid (14.22 g, 0.052 mol, yield 67%) with a melting point of 104° C. is obtained.

The molar purity is greater than 98% (¹H NMR).

NMR Characterization:

The chemical shifts obtained by ¹H and ¹³C NMR in d₆-acetone are given in the table below. The calibration is carried out with regard to acetone (1.98 ppm in ¹H and at 29.8 ppm in ¹³C).

No. δ ¹H (ppm) δ ¹³C (ppm)  1 7.61 133.3  2 7.56 129.8  3 8.27 128.4  4 — 133.8  5 — 155.1  6 9.65 143.3  7 — 172.4  8 4.10 33.1  9 — 168.9 10 4.11 61.8 11 1.16 14.2

6. Synthesis of compound F: ethyl 4-(5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-ylthio)butanoate

Compound F is prepared according to the following reaction scheme:

K₂CO₃ (6.14 g, 0.044 mol) is added to a solution of 5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine-3-thiol (8.412 g, 0.044 mol) in acetone (250 ml). The reaction medium is subsequently stirred for 15 minutes and 95% ethyl 4-bromobutyrate (9.13 g, 0.044 mol) is added dropwise. The reaction medium is brought to reflux for 2.5 hours and then the mixture is cooled down to 20° C. and filtered. The evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure produces a black oil.

After crystallization from 200 ml of ethanol, a pale yellow solid (8.744 g, 0.029 mol, yield 65%) with a melting point of 51-52° C. is obtained.

The molar purity is greater than 98% (¹H NMR).

TLC: R_(f)=0.66 (SiO₂; cyclohexane:EtOAc=1:1; visualization by UV and I₂).

NMR Characterization:

The chemical shifts obtained by ¹H and ¹³C NMR in d₁-chloroform are given in the table below. The calibration is carried out with regard to chloroform (7.2 ppm in ¹H and at 77 ppm in ¹³C).

No. δ ¹H (ppm) δ ¹³C (ppm)  1 1.19 14.2  2 4.08 60.4  3 / 172.6  4 2.47 33.1  5 2.12 24.4  6 3.32 29.9  7 / 173.0  8 9.31 141.9  9 / 154.6 10 / 133.0 11 8.09 127.6 12/13 7.45 − 7.58 129.3 + 132.6

III-2. Preparation of the Compositions

The following tests are carried out in the following way: the diene elastomer or elastomers, the reinforcing filler or fillers, the optional coupling agent and then, after kneading for one to two minutes, the various other ingredients, with the exception of the vulcanization system, are introduced into an internal mixer which is 70% filled and which has an initial vessel temperature of approximately 90° C. Thermomechanical working is then carried out (non-productive phase) in one stage (total duration of the kneading equal to approximately 5 min), until a maximum “dropping” temperature of approximately 165° C. is reached. The mixture thus obtained is recovered and cooled and then the vulcanization system (sulphur and 1,2,4-triazine compound according to the invention) is added on an external mixer (homofinisher) at 70° C., everything being mixed (productive phase) for approximately 5 to 6 min.

The compositions thus obtained are subsequently calendered, either in the form of plaques (thickness of 2 to 3 mm) or thin sheets of rubber, for the measurement of their physical or mechanical properties, or in the form of profiled elements which can be used directly, after cutting and/or assembling to the desired dimensions, for example as semi-finished products for tyres, in particular as tyre treads.

III-3. Characterization Tests—Results

A—Example 1

The object of this example is to compare the properties of rubber compositions comprising carbon black and silica, which can be used for the manufacture of a tyre tread, comprising CBS or MBTS as primary vulcanization accelerator (compositions C1 and C2), with the properties of rubber compositions according to the invention comprising compound C (composition C3), compound A (composition C4) or compound B (composition C5) as primary vulcanization accelerator.

The formulations of the compositions are given in Table 1 below. The amounts are expressed in parts per 100 parts by weight of elastomer (phr).

TABLE 1 Tests C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 BR (1) 30 30 30 30 30 SBR (2) 70 70 70 70 70 Carbon black 4 4 4 4 4 (N234) (3) Silica (4) 80 80 80 80 80 6-PPD (5) 2 2 2 2 2 Ozone wax 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 C32 ST (6) Resin (7) 20 20 20 20 20 Silane, liq. (8) 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 SAD (9) 2 2 2 2 2 DPG (10) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 ZnO 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulphur 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 CBS* 1.9 — — — — MBTS** — 1.2 — — — Compound C — — 2.0 — — Compound A — — — 1.9 — Compound B — — — — 1.4 (1) Polybutadiene with 0.7% of 1,2-; 1.7% of trans-1,4-; 98% of cis-1,4-(Tg = −105° C.) (mol %) (2) Butadiene-styrene copolymer SSBR (SBR prepared in solution) with 25% of styrene, 59% of 1,2-polybutadiene units and 20% of trans-1,4-polybutadiene units (Tg = −24° C.) (mol %); content expressed as dry SBR (SBR extended with 9% by weight of MES oil, i.e. a total of SSBR + oil equal to 76 phr) (3) Carbon black 4) Silica “Zeosil 1165MP” from Rhodia, “HDS” type (BET and CTAB: approximately 160 m²/g); (5) Antioxidant 6-PPD (6) Anti-ozonant (7) Aliphatic resin (C₅ pure) “Hikorez A-1100”, sold by Kolon (8) Coupling agent (9) Stearin “Pristerene” from Uniqema (10) Diphenylguanidine (Perkacit DPG from Flexsys) *CBS (Santocure CBS from Flexsys) **MBTS from G-QUIMICA sold under the reference Rubator MBTS

The rheometric properties at 150° C. are given in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2 Tests C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 K 1.03 0.59 0.21 0.18 0.56 T0 4.75 0.92 14.1 2.52 0.90 (min)

The rheometric properties obtained for the compositions according to the invention show that compounds C, A and B can be used as vulcanization accelerators in rubber compositions comprising one or more reinforcing fillers.

B—Example 2

The object of this example is to compare the properties of rubber compositions comprising carbon black, which can be used for the manufacture of a tyre tread, comprising CBS or MBTS as primary vulcanization accelerator (compositions C1 and C2), with the properties of rubber compositions according to the invention comprising compound C (composition C3), compound D (composition C4) or compound B (composition C5) as primary vulcanization accelerator.

The formulations of the compositions are given in Table 3 below. The amounts are expressed in parts per 100 parts by weight of elastomer (phr).

TABLE 3 Tests C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 NR (1) 100 100 100 100 100 Carbon black 47 47 47 47 47 (N234) SAD (2) 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 ZnO 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 Sulphur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 CBS* 0.6 — — — — MBTS** — 0.39 — — — Compound C — — 0.63 — — Compound D — — — 0.81 — Compound B — — — — 0.4 (1) Natural rubber (2) Stearin “Pristerene” from Uniqema *CBS (Santocure CBS from Flexsys) **MBTS from G-QUIMICA sold under the reference Rubator MBTS

TABLE 4 Tests C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 k 0.98 0.32 0.10 0.09 0.42 T0 4.52 1.25 11.50 0.98 1.62 (min)

The rheometric properties obtained for the compositions according to the invention show that compounds C, D and B can be used as vulcanization accelerators in rubber compositions comprising one or more reinforcing fillers. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A rubber composition used in manufacturing tyres the composition comprising: one or more diene elastomers; one or more reinforcing fillers; and a vulcanization system, wherein the vulcanization system includes one or more 1,2,4-triazine compounds selected from compounds of formula

where: R₁ and R₂ independently represent H, a halogen, a group selected from alkoxy and (C1-C10)alkylthio groups, or a C₁-C₂₅ hydrocarbon group selected from a group consisting of linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl groups, aralkyl groups, alkylaryl groups, and aryl groups, R₁ and R₂ being formable in a ring, A is selected from —H, a group

where: R′₁ is same as R₁, R′₂ is same as R₂, x is an integer greater than or equal to 1, a group ←S_(y)—R₃ where R₃ represents a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, y is an integer greater than or equal to 1, a group

where R₆ is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, a group

where R₇ is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, a group

where Y is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon chain; R₈ is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, a group

where X is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon chain; R₉ and R₁₀ independently represent a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, and a group

where R₁₁ is H or a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, M^(n+) represents a metal or non-metal cation, n represents an integer between 1 and
 4. 2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein R₁ and R₂ independently represent H or a phenyl group.
 3. The composition according to claim 2, wherein R₂ represents a phenyl group and R₁ represents H.
 4. The composition according to claim 1, wherein A is selected from the group

the group ←S_(y)—R₃ the group

the group

where x, R′₁, R′₂, y, R₃, X, R₉, R₁₀ and R₁₁ are as defined in claim
 1. 5. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the R₃ and R₆ to R₁₁ groups are independently selected from a group consisting of linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl groups, aryl groups, aralkyl groups, and alkylaryl groups.
 6. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the X and Y groups are independently selected from a group consisting of linear, branched, or cyclic alkylene groups, arylene groups, and alkylarylene groups.
 7. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the the M^(n+) is a metal cation selected from a group consisting of Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, and Li⁺.
 8. The composition according to claim 1, wherein M^(n+) is a non-metal cation.
 9. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the 1,2,4-triazine compound or compounds represent from 0.1 to 7 phr (parts by weight per hundred parts of diene elastomer).
 10. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the diene elastomer or elastomers are selected from a group of elastomers consisting of polybutadienes, natural rubber, synthetic polyisoprenes, butadiene copolymers, isoprene copolymers, and mixtures of these elastomers.
 11. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing filler or fillers are selected from a group consisting of silica, carbon black, and their mixtures.
 12. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing filler or fillers are present at a content of between 20 and 200 phr.
 13. A process for preparing a rubber composition as defined in claim 1, used in manufacturing tyres, the process comprising steps of: incorporating the reinforcing filler or fillers in the diene elastomer or elastomers during a first stage and kneading thermomechanically, in one or more goes, until a maximum temperature of between 110° C. and 190° C. is reached; subsequently incorporating, during a second stage, the vulcanization system and kneading up to a maximum temperature of less than 110° C.
 14. The process according to claim 13, wherein, between the kneading thermomechanically and the incorporating of the vulcanization system, a combined product of the kneading thermomechanically is cooled to a temperature of less than or equal to 100° C.
 15. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is used in manufacturing a finished article or a semi-finished product intended for a motor vehicle ground-contact system.
 16. A tyre comprising the rubber composition as defined in claim
 1. 17. A tread comprising the rubber composition as defined in claim
 1. 18. A 1,2,4-triazine of formula

where: R_(1a) and R_(2a) independently represent H, a halogen, a group selected from alkoxy and (C₁-C₁₀)alkylthio groups, or a C₁-C₂₅ hydrocarbon group selected from a group consisting of linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl groups, aralkyl groups, alkylaryl groups, and aryl groups, R_(1a) and R_(2a) being formable in a ring, A_(a) is selected from a group ←S_(ya)—R_(3a) where R_(3a) represents a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group that does not include 1,2,4-triazine, wherein a compound of the formula (I′) is not of formula

y_(a) is an integer greater than or equal to 1, a group

where R_(6a) is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group other than a substituted phenyl group, wherein, if R_(6a) represents a methyl group, R_(1a) and R_(2a) do not form a ring and R_(1a) and R_(2a) respectively do not represent a methyl and a hydroxyl, group

where R_(7a) is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group, wherein, if R_(7a) represents an ethyl group, R_(1a) and R_(2a) do not form a ring, a group

where X_(a) is a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon chain, and R_(9a) and R_(10a) independently represent a C₁-C₁₈ hydrocarbon group.
 19. The 1,2,4-triazine according to claim 18, wherein R_(1a) and R_(2a) independently represent H or a phenyl group.
 20. The 1,2,4-triazine according to claim 19, wherein R_(2a) represents a phenyl group and R_(1a) represents H.
 21. The 1,2,4-triazine according to claim 18, wherein A_(a) is selected from: the group ←S_(ya)—R_(3a) and the group

wherein y_(a), R_(3a), X_(a), R_(9a), and R_(10a) are as defined in claim
 18. 22. The 1,2,4-triazine according to claim 18, wherein the R_(3a), R_(6a), R_(7a), and R_(9a) to R_(10a) groups are independently selected from a group consisting of linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl groups, aryl groups, aralkyl groups, and alkylaryl groups.
 23. The 1,2,4-triazine according to claim 18, wherein the X_(a) group is selected from a group consisting of linear, branched, or cyclic alkylene groups, arylene groups, and alkylarylene groups. 